Methods

Finding A Path Forward

Talking Stories is dedicated to integrating hunter-gatherer literature, science, and philosophy into the Western educational system in a way that respects Indigenous traditions and customs surrounding their use. The path to integration is fraught with challenges. Chief among these is finding a balance between cultural exchange and cultural appropriation. In undertaking this journey, Talking Stories has sought guidance from both Indigenous and Western knowledge holders.

bee flying toward flower stalks

Photo by Michelle Scalise Sugiyama

Stories are selected for inclusion in the Talking Stories Encyclopedia in the spirit of guidelines set forth by Vine Deloria Jr.:

“I have a rule when quoting elders and traditional leaders in a book. Basically the stories belong to them, and so I do not want to be the first person to put a story in print. I therefore try to find a published account.”

Deloria (1997:xv)

Talking Stories only posts intellectual materials that were collected with permission, and does not post secret, sacred, or power-giving knowledge. Indigenous knowledge holders decided which stories (or which parts of them) they wanted to tell and which they did not. Common reasons for declining to tell a story were: (1) the informant did not know the story well and thus did not feel qualified to tell it; (2) the informant did not have the right to tell the story because it belonged to another person or lineage; or (3) the story was regarded as sacred or powerful and the informant did not feel it was safe or appropriate to tell it. For example, an Ayoreo narrator omitted part of a story with the power to cause harm: “What follows is a very complicated part of the story and is tabu. If I were to tell it all a train would be derailed” (Wilbert & Simoneau 1989:267).

bee on Russian sage flower stalk

Photo by Michelle Scalise Sugiyama

bee on blue flower

Photo by Michelle Scalise Sugiyama

“Some knowledge had to be kept in family lines. Other knowledge could be sold or bought by anybody. . . . The old people were also careful to protect those whom they thought might be harmed by certain kinds of knowledge. They believed, for example, that women and children were usually not strong enough to hold much spirit power. They were afraid the power might backfire on such persons and make them sick, so they seldom taught songs or words for power to women and children.”

McClellan (1987:251)

Talking Stories is a non-commercial website. Stories featured in the Encyclopedia were documented by anthropologists, linguists, and other researchers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Most were originally published in academic journals or monographs; thus, they were shared for educational purposes, not for profit. Some stories were recorded in their language of origin and then translated into English, while others were obtained in English only.

bee

Photo by Michelle Scalise Sugiyama

bee on fireweed flower

Photo by Michelle Scalise Sugiyama

To the best of our knowledge, all stories featured in Talking Stories are in the public domain. Ultimately, however, they are the intellectual property of the person who shared them. To honor this, Talking Stories attributes Indigenous knowledge keepers and artists whenever possible. In so doing, it may mention the names of deceased persons. Talking Stories apologizes for any offense this may cause. To preserve the integrity of traditional knowledge and teachings posted on the site, Talking Stories uses the most restrictive Creative Commons license, CC-BY-NC-ND. This license permits sharing but prohibits modification or commercial use of content, and requires author attribution. Talking Stories understands “author attribution” to include acknowledgement of story narrators and their culture of origin.

Talking Stories examines content, not meaning: it does not speak to what a story “means” to a given individual, community, or nation. The aim of Talking Stories is to sharpen our understanding of the origins of storytelling by viewing it through the lens of the hunting-and-gathering context in which it emerged. To this end, it elucidates what Vine Deloria Jr. refers to as “commonsense” (1997:36) ecological information, and the formal devices used to transmit it.

bee sipping nectar from cow parsnip flower

Photo by Michelle Scalise Sugiyama

bee gathering nectar in wild rose flower

Photo by Michelle Scalise Sugiyama

“I believe that traditional ecological knowledge should take its rightful place alongside modern scientific knowledge.”

Hunn (1993:14)

The narratives in the Encyclopedia were documented at a time when many Indigenous peoples still practiced a traditional foraging way of life, or had experienced it in their youth. Sadly, this is no longer the case: while some members of Indigenous nations gain part of their subsistence from wild foods, few subsist entirely by foraging, and all have been subject to massive changes due to colonization, epidemics, resettlement, and missionization. To distinguish between these two periods in human history, when referring to these nations as hunter-gatherers the past tense is used, and when referring to them as they live today the present tense is used.

wild flowers on rock

Photo by Michelle Scalise Sugiyama

In deciding what and what not to post, Talking Stories follows the teachings of diverse Indigenous and Western knowledge holders, and gratefully acknowledges their guidance:

Paula Gunn Allen

“traditional American Indian literature is not similar to Western literature, because the basic assumptions about the universe and, therefore, the basic reality experienced by tribal peoples and by Western peoples are not the same. . . . This difference has confused non-Indian students for centuries. They have been unable or unwilling to accept this difference and to develop critical procedures to illuminate the materials without trivializing or otherwise invalidating them” (1983:4).

Melville Jacobs

“Value judgments about non-Western oral arts, whether myths, tales, poetry or rituals, are irresponsible before published versions of them bridge barriers of sociocultural and esthetic unintelligibility. . . . Perceptive response to a written literature is principally by an audience which is familiar with the language and totality of the sociocultural scene. Today a printed play by Shakespeare must appear with annotations. So must the plays and poetry of classical Greece. Food gatherers’ art forms . . . have to be given even more background and explication” (1962:98).

John Smelcer

“It is a sad fact that most of our tribal members born after the 1950s don’t even know these stories. . . . It is important to note that stories such as these are often considered property of specific clans; and as such are to be retold only by members of specific clans. This is somewhat true within Ahtna society. . . . But there is a danger in restricting storytelling among clans. My father’s clan is Taltsiine. . . . Sadly, there are very few Taltsiine Clan members left. Should those stories considered property of Taltsiine be allowed to disappear forever when the last clan member retells a myth for the very last time? Should the stories of any People suffer such a fate?” (2016:xv)

N. Scott Momaday

“The materials gathered by early anthropologists and ethnographers and artists are extremely important, obviously. I’m thinking of such field researchers as Washington Matthews, and James Mooney. And I’m thinking, too, of such artists as George Catlin and Edward Curtis. One could mention others. Their work is indispensable. If they had not lived and worked and recorded their observations, we would know far less than we do about American Indian culture before the twentieth century” (1983:69-70).

Ray & Cilla Norris

“Much traditional Aboriginal knowledge is sacred, and can only be given to those who have been properly initiated. Naturally we respect this, and are careful not to intrude where we are not welcome. But Aboriginal elders have encouraged us to learn a little of the knowledge, and pass it on so that others may understand something of the richness and complexity of their culture” (2009:2).

Charles C. Mann

“colonial descriptions of Native Americans are among the few glimpses we have of Indians whose lives were not shaped by the presence of Europe. The accounts of the initial encounters between Indians and Europeans are windows into the past, even if the glass is smeared and distorted by the chroniclers’ prejudices and misapprehensions” (2005:38).

Ossie Michelin

“When our Indigenous stories were hidden from the rest of Canada, they were also hidden from other Indigenous people. Sharing our stories with other Indigenous people is always a treat. Even though we have different cultures, or are from different areas, we have so much in common. We always want to see how other people do things, especially when their lands and waters are similar to our own” (2021).

Darwin Hanna

“It is important to realize that, since White contact, many people have been collecting stories from our area. Hundreds of stories have been told to researchers, and most of them are not available to our own people” (1995:10).

Vine Deloria Jr.

“The oral tradition is a loosely held collection of anecdotal material that, taken together, explains the nature of the physical world as people have experienced it and the important events of their historical journey. . . . Some people have come to believe that oral traditions refer only to religious matters. This description is not true. The bulk of American Indian traditions probably deal with commonsense ordinary topics such as plants, animals, weather, and past events that are not particularly of a religious nature” (1997:36).

Melville Jacobs

“Educational institutions in North America have ventured to teach the literatures of the continent’s invaders, of Greece and Rome too, but not the oral arts of its original inhabitants. It is as if the American occupation forces in Japan had destroyed the native social system and cultural heritage on the uncontested premise that they were savage and inconsequential, and had set up schools which taught solely the outsiders’ superlative heritage” (1962:90).

Allice Legat

“The elders I worked with often said that although young people think they do not need stories from the past, there will come a time when these younger people will need their ancestors’ stories to think with. In anticipation of this unforeseeable time, the elders wanted to tell and retell and to record all the oral narratives they knew” (2012:153).

Robin Wall Kimmerer

“I offer . . . a braid of stories meant to heal our relationship with the world. This braid is woven from three strands: Indigenous ways of knowing, scientific knowledge, and the story of an Anishinabekwe scientist trying to bring them together in service to what matters most” (2013:x).

Catherine Berndt

“In those earlier days, there were no tape recorders to catch the sounds that make story-telling so exciting and interesting to listen to. Everything had to be recorded in writing. Even so, at least that has helped to keep some of the stories from being lost, as the old people were afraid they would be. They wanted to have their stories put down in writing so that their grandchildren and great-grandchildren would be able to read them. And so here they are . . . for those children and for other children as well” (1979:13).

Eugene S. Hunn

“cultural knowledge . . . has more in common with a work of art, which is mute if it is not shown, pondered, appreciated, and acclaimed. To admire a work of art—or to appreciate another people’s culture—is not to take possession of it but to gain in understanding . . . . I believe that we are less likely to destroy what we understand than what we are ignorant of” (1990:13).